Biotekhnosfera № 4/2013

Medical and Engineering Technology of Manned Space Flight

Ushakov I. B. Advanced biomedical engineering and medical technology - a significant practical result national space achievements

The article gives a description of a new column in the magazine «Biotechnosphere» in light of the needs of the development of bio medical research in our country, based on the outstanding achievements of space biology, physiology and medicine. These achievements are particularly important because they helped maintain the leading position of our country in the field of high technologies. Summing up the 50-year-old way of the Institute of biomedical problems allowed even brighter shade the role of prominent Russian scientists in the development of manned and unmanned space flights. Formulated and justified the provision that the participation of different specialists of this direction will contribute to the integration of the efforts of many organizations in solving the challenges facing the domestic fundamental and applied research.

Keywords: biomedical and medical engineering, the 50th anniversary of the Institute of biomedical problems of RAS, prominent figures of space physiology and medicine, introduction of developments of space biology and medicine.

Ushakov I. В., Morukov B. W., Bubejev Yu. A., Boritko Ya. S., Shwed D. M., Tchernyakov Ye. L., Goutschin W. I. Main technological approaches to the ground-based simulation of manned Mars mission

Article contains the description of the new methodology for the realistic simulation of professional astronaut's operation on another planet, based on virtual reality. This methodology was used by the Institute for Biomedical Problems RAS within the frame of the ROSCOSMOS project "Mars-500", devoted to the investigation of various medical and biological aspects of manned Mars Mission. Approaches described can be utilized not only in the further space simulations, but also in order to analyze professional astronaut's performance and operator's skills aboard International Space Station. The new method for the automated content analysis of the crew communication with Mission Control is presented, used in "Mars -500" for the study of the increasing communication delay during interplanetary Mission.

Keywords: virtual reality, long-term space flight, content-analysis, “Mars-500”, professional operator’s activity.

Beam Diagnostics, Therapy

Ushakov I. В., Dashevskij W. P., Polyahov A. W., Sokolov B. W., Usov W. M. Application of assistive technology for improvement of information support of the crew on the ISS when using medical accessories kit and onboard medical manual

At the International Space Station (ISS) are solved complex task of creating safe living conditions of the crew and reduce health risks. This is achieved by a complex of measures incorporated in the system of medical support flight, including the provision of medical care in space flight. Of interest are the use on board the ISS assistive technologies, based on the use of RFID, for the implementation of information support crew for medical services, including: (1) the account of receipt and write-off of materials and items for the automation inventory system on board the ISS, (2) management reserves and forming applications for the needs of medical applications, (3) monitoring and control of expenditure to date use medical devices on board the ISS, (4) real-time search onboard medical manual (guidance documentation) for correct application specific (formulated into onboard first aid kit) funds in violation of the health of the cosmonaut. Improvement of the information support and medical care on board ISS is relevant in light of a possible mode of autonomy of actions of the crew.

Keywords: assistive technologies, onboard first aid kit, onboard medical manual, cosmonaut, medical accessories kit, monitoring of resources consumption on ISS, in-flight medical care, inventory management, RFID-tags.

Ushakov I. В., Polyakov A.V., V. Usov V. M. The methodological approaches to ranking risk levels for the health and performance of cosmonauts in flight

Responsibility for safety of work of the cosmonaut and protection of his health during space flight is assigned to various specialists involved in maintenance of manned space flights. To assess the level of danger to the health of cosmonauts and as a possible consequence of increased risk of violation (failure) of the Program's planned works, as well as to predict the choices of flight situations a methodological approach is proposed. It allows to classify risks in difficult conditions of multifactorial effects, to represent the levels of hazards of certain events in a unified scale, to get a clear picture about the dynamics of the situation on the composite index in checkpoints of a temporary scale.

Keywords: cascade concept, classification and scale of risk, multifactorial condition, health risk, composite rating, complex flight situation, cosmonaut’s health status, protection of the human body.

Potrakhov N. N. Innovative activity on chair of electronic devices and devices ETU «LETI»

The history of emergence of innovative activity on chair of electronic devices and devices ETU «LETI» is described. Features of this activity on chair are analysed now. The main results of introduction of achievements of cathedral science are presented to domestic medical practice.

Keywords: innovative activity, science and technology park, innovative centre.

Mazurov A. L, Potrakhov N. N. Reproduction of dimensions of translucent bodies on contact roentgenograms

On contact roentgenograms dimensions of translucent bodies as at contact shooting the majority of laws of prospect isn't observed practically aren't reproduced. This defect can be eliminated partially, using a method of raying of object with increase in the image a microfocal source of radiation. Represents scientific and practical interest to consider conditions of microfocal shooting under which on the roentgenogram dimensions of studied bodies are displayed.

Keywords: volume reproduction, linear prospect, plane.

Gryaznov A. Yu., Ghamova К. К., Bessonov W. В. Method of formation of pseudo-volume images in a microfocus X-ray

The way of obtaining pseudo-volume X-ray images is described, a condition of method realization in diagnostic researches are determined. It is shown that the microfocus X-ray allows to receive sharp studied bodies images with direct increase and determined of elements and structures interposition of translucent body.

Keywords: microfocal shooting, direct repeated increase in the image, pseudo-volume pictures, X-ray diagnostics.

Mednikova M. В., Potrakhov N. N., Bessonov W. B. Experience of application of a microfocus X-ray a in differentiation of fossil representatives of sort Nomo with archaic and modern morphology

Microfocus X-ray is a perspective approach to evaluation of bone condition in pathological and destructive processes, which helps to describe small and low-contrasting details of images with magnification and in good quality. We used the method to study inner structure of small tubular bones (mainly, manual phalanges) from some very valuable fossil finds, representatives of Middle Pleistocene, Upper Paleolithic and living Homo. In addition to common anatomical criteria, we discovered clear differences between "archaic" and "modern" samples in degree of trabecular system development and mineral density. The method of microfocus X-ray can be proposed for simple recognizing of "archaic morphology bearers" in fragmentary and strongly destroyed fossil remains.

Keywords: archaic and modern morphology, fossil man, microfocus X-ray, Neanderthal, Homo sapiens, manual tubular bones.